{"id":10110,"date":"2020-04-23T03:56:51","date_gmt":"2020-04-23T00:56:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.synevo.ro\/product\/glucagon\/"},"modified":"2025-02-07T09:15:56","modified_gmt":"2025-02-07T07:15:56","slug":"glucagon","status":"publish","type":"product","link":"https:\/\/old.synevo.md\/ru\/shop\/glucagon\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0413\u043b\u044e\u043a\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong><em>\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Glucagonul, un hormon peptidic alc\u0103tuit din 29 aminoacizi, este produs de c\u0103tre celulele insulare pancreatice de tip alfa \u015fi de c\u0103tre hipotalamus.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Func\u0163ia glucagonului hipotalamic este insuficient cunoscut\u0103; p\u00e2n\u0103\u00a0\u00een prezent nu s-au identificat afec\u0163iuni asociate cu tulbur\u0103ri func\u0163ionale ale hormonului hipotalamic.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Hormonul pancreatic intervine \u00een reglarea metabolismului glucidic, secre\u0163ia sa fiind stimulat\u0103 de c\u0103tre hipoglicemie, av\u00e2nd drept rezultat cre\u015fterea glicemiei. Efectul hiperglicemiant al glucagonului se datoreaz\u0103 stimul\u0103rii glicogenolizei hepatice \u015fi gluconeogenezei; nu exercit\u0103 efect asupra glicogenului muscular. Dup\u0103 normalizarea glicemiei secre\u0163ia de glucagon este inhibat\u0103<sup>4<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Func\u0163ia renal\u0103 afecteaz\u0103 metabolismul glucagonului; \u00een insuficien\u0163a renal\u0103 sunt \u00eent\u00e2lnite valori crescute ale glucagonului \u00e0 jeun care se normalizeaz\u0103 dup\u0103 un transplant renal eficient<sup>1<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">O secre\u0163ie excesiv\u0103 de glucagon poate conduce la hiperglicemie sau poate agrava o hiperglicemie preexistent\u0103. O secre\u0163ie excesiv\u0103 inadecvat\u0103 poate fi \u00eent\u00e2lnit\u0103 uneori la diabetici, \u00een special la pacien\u0163ii cu cetoacidoz\u0103 \u015fi poate complica management-ul acestei afec\u0163iuni. In momentul \u00een care insulinoterapia controleaz\u0103 eficient diabetul nivelurile de glucagon se apropie de normal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Glucagonoamele sunt tumori pancreatice rare cu originea \u00een celulele insulare. Pacien\u0163ii cu tumori secretante de glucagon pot prezenta tabloul clasic de boal\u0103 ce include eritem necrolitic migrator, diabet \u015fi diaree sau pot avea simptome \u015fi semne mai pu\u0163in specifice<sup>3;4<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Niveluri crescute de glucagon mai pot fi \u00eent\u00e2lnite \u00een tumori carcinoide \u015fi alte tumori neuroendocrine precum \u015fi\u00a0\u00een carcinomul hepatocelular.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Un r\u0103spuns sc\u0103zut sau absent al glucagonului la hipoglicemie poate fi \u00eent\u00e2lnit \u00een diabetul zaharat de tip I \u015fi poate contribui la apari\u0163ia unor reac\u0163ii hipoglicemice severe \u015fi prelungite.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Un deficit de glucagon reflect\u0103 o pierdere de \u0163esut pancreatic<sup>1<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong><em>Recomand\u0103ri pentru determinarea glucagonului <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 diagnosticul \u015fi monitorizarea tumorilor secretante de glucagon; evaluarea pacien\u0163ilor diabetici cu episoade severe de hipo- sau hiperglicemie<sup>4<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong><em>Preg\u0103tire pacient <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 pentru nivelurile bazale: \u00e0 jeun (pe nem\u00e2ncate) \u2013 cel pu\u0163in 8 ore de la ultima ingestie de alimente. Se va evita stres-ul pacientului \u00een momentul recolt\u0103rii probei (stres-ul poate altera nivelurile normale de glucagon)<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong><em>Specimen recoltat <\/em><\/strong><em>- <\/em>sange venos; vacutainerul se agit\u0103 foarte u\u015for, prin r\u0103sturnare \u015fi se pune imediat pe ghea\u0163\u0103; se transport\u0103 la laborator cat mai repede posibil pentru a fi centrifugat<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong><em>Recipient de recoltare <\/em><\/strong><em>- <\/em>vacutainer cu EDTA K3 r\u0103cit \u00een prealabil la 2-8\u00b0C<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong><em>Cantitate recoltata <\/em><\/strong><em>- <\/em>c\u00e2t permite vacuumul<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong><em>Cauze de respingere a probei<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 specimen hemolizat, care nu a fost adus la laborator pe ghea\u0163\u0103 sau plasm\u0103 care nu a fost separat\u0103 imediat dup\u0103 recoltare<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong><em>Prelucrare necesar\u0103 dup\u0103 recoltare <\/em><\/strong><em>- <\/em>\u00een maxim 30 de minute de la recoltare se separ\u0103 plasma prin centrifugare 15 minute la 1500 x g [g = (1118 + 10<sup>-8<\/sup>) x (raza \u00een cm) x (rpm)<sup>2<\/sup>] de aceea probele din Bucuresti vor fi recoltate <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">numai<\/span> la sediul laboratorului Grozovici; pentru separarea plasmei se folose\u015fte\u00a0o pipet\u0103 de plastic. Se lucreaz\u0103 imediat; dac\u0103 acest lucru nu este posibil, plasma se p\u0103streaz\u0103 la -20\u00b0C \u00een recipient de plastic (polipropilen sau polistiren); probele de plasm\u0103 recoltate\u00a0\u00een afara sediilor laboratorului vor fi transportate\u00a0\u00een recipientul destinat probelor congelate<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong><em>Stabilitate prob\u0103 <\/em><\/strong><em>- <\/em>plasma este stabil\u0103 <em>6 luni<\/em> la -20\u00b0C sau la -70\u00b0C; nu decongela\u0163i\/recongela\u0163i<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><em>Metod\u0103 <\/em><\/strong>\u2013 radioimunologic\u0103 (RIA)<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\"><strong><em>Valori de referin\u0163\u0103 <\/em><\/strong><em>- <\/em><em>&lt; <\/em>209ng\/L<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong><em>Interpretarea rezultatelor<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Niveluri crescute de glucagon<\/strong><\/span> se \u00eent\u00e2lnesc \u00een:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>\u2022\u00a0 <\/strong>Tumori secretante de glucagon. Glucagonoamele (familiale) se pot manifesta clinic prin 3 sindroame diferite:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">1) primul sindrom include o erup\u0163ie cutanat\u0103 caracteristic\u0103 (eritem necrolitic migrator), diabet zaharat sau intoleran\u0163a la glucoz\u0103, sc\u0103dere ponderal\u0103, anemie, tromboze venoase. Aceast\u0103 form\u0103 este \u00eenso\u0163it\u0103 de niveluri foarte ridicate de glucagon (&gt;1000 ng\/L);<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">2) al doilea sindrom asociaz\u0103 un diabet zaharat sever;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 60px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">3) al treilea sindrom este asociat cu sindromul neoplaziei endocrine multiple \u015fi este caracterizat prin niveluri de glucagon mai sc\u0103zute comparativ cu celelalte 2 forme<sup>3<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Prezen\u0163a unei tumori secretante de glucagon este suspectat\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd se ob\u0163in valori crescute ale glucagonului plasmatic bazal \u00een absen\u0163a hipoglicemiei. De asemenea dup\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rcarea cu glucoz\u0103 nu apare o supresie a secre\u0163iei de glucagon. Tratamentul eficient al acestor tipuri de tumori determin\u0103 normalizarea nivelului de glucagon<sup>3;4<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>\u2022\u00a0 <\/strong>Diabet zaharat. Cre\u015fterile inadecvate ale glucagonului plasmatic la pacien\u0163ii cu diabet tip I \u015fi hiperglicemie sever\u0103 indic\u0103 o secre\u0163ie paradoxal\u0103 a acestui hormon, care contribuie la severitatea bolii. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, nivelurile sc\u0103zute de glucagon \u00een prezen\u0163a hipoglicemiei indic\u0103 o alterare a mecanismului de reglare a glicemiei.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Aceast\u0103 categorie de pacien\u0163i este predispus\u0103 la episoade de hipoglicemie recurent\u0103. Aceast\u0103 tulburare poate fi permanent\u0103 (\u00een cazul distruc\u0163iei celulelor alfa-insulare sau unei neuropatii autonome) sau func\u0163ional\u0103 (datorat\u0103 unui control prea riguros al glicemiei \u015fi reversibil\u0103 dup\u0103 sc\u0103derea dozelor de insulin\u0103)<sup>4<\/sup>.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>\u2022\u00a0 <\/strong>\u041e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>\u2022\u00a0 <\/strong>Insuficien\u0163a renal\u0103 cronic\u0103<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2022\u00a0 Condi\u0163ii de stres: traumatisme, arsuri, interven\u0163ii chirurgicale<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2022 \u00a0Ciroza hepatic\u0103<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2022\u00a0 Hiperosmolaritate<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2022\u00a0 Hipoglicemie<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Niveluri sc\u0103zute de glucagon<\/strong><\/span> se \u00eent\u00e2lnesc \u00een:<\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2022\u00a0 pierdere de \u0163esut pancreatic (tumori pancreatice, pancreatectomie);<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2022\u00a0 pancreatit\u0103 cronic\u0103;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify; padding-left: 30px;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u2022\u00a0 fibroza chistic\u0103.<sup>1<\/sup><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><strong>Limite \u015fi interferen\u0163e<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Anticorpii heterofili prezen\u0163i \u00een serul pacien\u0163ilor pot interac\u0163iona cu imunoglobulinele incluse\u00a0\u00een componentele kit-ului \u015fi d\u0103 rezultate neconcludente<sup>4<\/sup>.<\/span><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: small;\">\u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">1. Frances Fischbach. Chemistry Studies. In A Manual of Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, USA, 8 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Ed., 2009, 344-345.<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">2. Laborator Synevo. Referin\u0163ele specifice tehnologiei de lucru utilizate. 2014. Ref Type: Catalog.<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">3. Laboratory Corporation of America. Directory of Services and Interpretive Guide. Glucagon, Plasma. www.labcorp.com 2010. Ref Type: Internet Communication.<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">4. Mayo Clinic\/Mayo Medical Laboratories. Test Catalog. Glucagon<\/span>, <span style=\"font-size: small;\">Plasma. www.mayomedicallaboratories.com. Ref Type: Internet Communication.<\/span><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u044e\u043a\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u00a0\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u03b2-\u043a\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u044b. 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\u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043b\u044e\u043a\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u044b.<\/li>\n<li>\u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u00a0\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u0442\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u044b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"product_brand":[],"product_cat":[923],"product_tag":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-10110","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","5":"product_cat-markeri-tumorali","7":"first","8":"instock","9":"sold-individually","10":"shipping-taxable","11":"purchasable","12":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/old.synevo.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/10110","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/old.synevo.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/old.synevo.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/old.synevo.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10110"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/old.synevo.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10110"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_brand","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/old.synevo.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_brand?post=10110"},{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/old.synevo.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=10110"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/old.synevo.md\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=10110"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}